2000 FACTS

200,000 years ago, the Homo neanderthalensis , the Neanderthal, occupied the hostile and cold lands in Europe, seeking for food and easily dying, very frequently, because of traumas, as a result of falls, accidents, and skirmishes while hunting or walking through long inhospitable trails; other times, they died simply due to starvation. It was very weird that individuals passed the 50-year-old mark and, as a consequence, there's no evidence that they suffered from degenerative illnesses. In the Neolithic, things changed; around 8,000 b.C., the climate became more benign and the necessity to move from one place to another to survive was vanishing, so the Homo viator finally settled, starting an appearing process of the first civilizations, intrinsic to the domestication of the beasts and plants. Louis Pasteur in his Laboratory - 1885

The Mongols, a semi-nomadic ethnicity dedicated to grazing and hunting, have always been considered as the "lords of the steppe". Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Mongol tribes unified under the authority of a single leader, or Khan, and they managed to conquest the entire Asian continent, including China. At its peak, the Mongol Empire had dominated all Asian commerce, controlling a territory that went from the Great Wall of China to Persia and southern Russia, even threatening countries and regions in Europe, like Poland or Bohemia in the current Czech Republic. The Mongol Empire at its Peak under Kublai Khan's leadership

Since Eratosthenes' age, humans know that we live on a sphere. In the 2nd century b.C., Greeks thought that it was only inhabitable a zone in the northern hemisphere, that nobody could live in the southern hemisphere, known by them as the " terra incognita ", or "unknown land". In the 15th century, expeditions across the Globe proved that the South existed and that it was inhabitable as the North. The Earth was filled up with plenty of sailors who traveled from one place to another. The seas, outside the Mediterranean, turned out to be immense. First, the Atlantic until arriving to the new continent. Secondly, the Pacific, which spreads towards the west and managed to circumvent the Earth, passing through Japan, the Philippines, and the entire Asian continent. Compared to these, the Indic Ocean looked like a small, "homely" sea. The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer, circa 1668

In 1455 a craftsman called Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden, known by the name of Johannes Gutenberg finished the task of composing the Bible using a device he called "printing press". We don't know many things about the life of this character, neither his born or death date, but generally, experts believe he was born in 1400 and died in 1467. What we know for sure is that he carried out his work in the city of Mainz (Germany) and he was born in the middle of a family of smiths dedicated to issuing the coins of the city. However, despite the scarce information we have about his life and works, the printing of the Bible is considered an extraordinarily important event in our culture, a primordial invention which separated our history in two halves, marked a watershed in the way we spread information and knowledge and, as a consequence, the opportunity to formulate it and to visualize it. Printing Workshop in the 16th Century. Author: Jost Amman

Why the ice melts in the water? Why the rays can set on fire the dry tree branches? Why the flavor and texture of food change after cooked? Why you can obtain bronze from the fusion of copper and tin? Why, Why and Why. You can imagine thousands of questions of this kind, which were formulated many years ago. They are primitive questions, of course, and today they would be formulated inside the more sophisticated minds, but not the most surprised ones. The mother of all questions would be: why some things convert into others, why from some substances can derive many others? For instance, at that time they might be asking themselves: Why you can get wine from grapes if you store the juice for some time? or why the gold structure doesn't change whereas the iron oxidizes? What is the force that moves all of these transformations? Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1525-1569)  An Alchemist at work , mid. 16th cent.

It is one of the southern states of the United States of America. It has an area of around 53,179 square miles, being the 29th largest state in the country. It has a population of 3,013,835 inhabitants, ranking 33rd, and a population density of 56.4 people per square mile, low in comparison with the average density in the country. Its capital, Little Rock (198,606 inhabitants) lies in the center of the state. Official Flag of the State of Arkansas

State of the United States of America situated in the southwestern part of the country. It covers an area of 113,990 square miles, making it the 6th largest state in the country. Its population is 7,171,646, being Arizona the 14th most populous state and the 33rd one in terms of population density (57 people per square mile). Its capital is Phoenix. The metropolitan area of the capital contains 3/4 of the total Arizona population. The Grand Canyon, The Treasure of Arizona